Covid-19

Basic protective measures against the new coronavirus

Stay aware of the latest information on the COVID-19 outbreak, available on the WHO website and through your national and local public health authority. Most people who become infected experience mild illness and recover, but it can be more severe for others. Take care of your health and protect others by doing the following:

Wash your hands frequently

Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water.

Why? Washing your hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub kills viruses that may be on your hands.

Maintain social distancing

Maintain at least 1 metre (3 feet) distance between yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing.

Why? When someone coughs or sneezes they spray small liquid droplets from their nose or mouth which may contain virus. If you are too close, you can breathe in the droplets, including the COVID-19 virus if the person coughing has the disease.

Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth

Why? Hands touch many surfaces and can pick up viruses. Once contaminated, hands can transfer the virus to your eyes, nose or mouth. From there, the virus can enter your body and can make you sick.

Practice respiratory hygiene

Make sure you, and the people around you, follow good respiratory hygiene. This means covering your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze. Then dispose of the used tissue immediately.

Why? Droplets spread virus. By following good respiratory hygiene you protect the people around you from viruses such as cold, flu and COVID-19.

If you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical care early

Stay home if you feel unwell. If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention and call in advance. Follow the directions of your local health authority.

Why? National and local authorities will have the most up to date information on the situation in your area. Calling in advance will allow your health care provider to quickly direct you to the right health facility. This will also protect you and help prevent spread of viruses and other infections.

Stay informed and follow advice given by your healthcare provider

Stay informed on the latest developments about COVID-19. Follow advice given by your healthcare provider, your national and local public health authority or your employer on how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19.

Why? National and local authorities will have the most up to date information on whether COVID-19 is spreading in your area. They are best placed to advise on what people in your area should be doing to protect themselves.

Protection measures for persons who are in or have recently visited (past 14 days) areas where COVID-19 is spreading

• Follow the guidance outlined above.

• Stay at home if you begin to feel unwell, even with mild symptoms such as headache and slight runny nose, until you recover. Why? Avoiding contact with others and visits to medical facilities will allow these facilities to operate more effectively and help protect you and others from possible COVID-19 and other viruses.

• If you develop fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical advice promptly as this may be due to a respiratory infection or other serious condition. Call in advance and tell your provider of any recent travel or contact with travelers. Why? Calling in advance will allow your health care provider to quickly direct you to the right health facility. This will also help to prevent possible spread of COVID-19 and other viruses.

Amazing facts

1. The human brain has the capacity which is equivalent to more than four

     terabytes on hard drive.

2. The new born child can  breath and swell at the same time for seven months.

3. 50,000 cells in our body die and get replaced by the new while we read this         

    sentence. 

4. The total length of all the blood vessels in the human body is about 100,000 km.

5. We lose 80% of our body heat from the head.

6. If allowed to grow for the whole life hair would be about 725 kilometer.

7. 99% of the calcium contained in the human body is in one's teeth.

8. People with blue eyes are more sensitive to pain than others.

9. The right lung can take in more air than left lung.

10. Our eyes remain in the same size as they were at birth but our nose and ears          

       never stop growing.

11. There is enough DNA in the average person's body to stretch from the Sun to 

       Pluto and back - 17 times.

12. The average human body carries 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells.

13. There are 8 times as many atoms in a teaspoonful of water as there in the     

      Atlantic Ocean.

14. The universe is made up of 50,000,000,000 galaxies.

15. Grasshoppers have ears in their bellies.

16. Octopuses have three hearts, nine brains and blue blood.

17. Banana oil is made from petroleum.

18. 84% of a raw apple and 96% of a raw cucumber is water.

19. A notch in a tree will remain the same distance from the ground as the tree 
      grows.

20. The largest single flower is the Rafflesia or corpse flower. They are generally 3.   
      feet in diameter with the record 42 inches.

21. Quinine, one of the most important drugs known to man, is obtained from the   
      dried bark of an evergreen tree native of South America.

Do "Right Things" for the others. Then, it will benefit you as well as it will lead to success.

1. True success doesn't come from getting things at any and all cost, but from conducting yourself and in such a way as to benefit others and the greater good. Most successful people will tell you that an outward, ethical approach to life will pay off a lot of ways.

2. Sincerity is specified as freedom from deceit, hypocrisy or fraudulence. There are many scammers out there that claim to have the next miracle. These people so prevalent that it seems like these dishonest ways must be the only way to be successful. Luckily, that's not the case. The people who perpetrate these scams tend to get tripped up. Dishonesty might work in the short run, but long-term success demands sincerity.

3. Personal integrity is vital. A dedication is openness, honesty and high standards signifies a real leader. If the people in your life can't trust you, they won't help you. The truth is that success only comes with the assistance and support of others. Set expectations high, even for yourself, and handle every situation with the integrity you require from others.

4. Courtesy is displaying suitable social conduct and being respectful to other people. Successful people are careful not to burn too many bridges, and make sure to always be "on" publicly. Courtesy is critical and treating everybody with respect will pay off in shades. Don't presume that once you find success that it's acceptable to treat people badly.

5. Wisdom isn't just book smarts, but the ability to couple that knowledge with reasoned judgment. That is,  wisdom lets you discern what is necessary from what isn't. Wisdom is what divides the experts from the merely schooled and generally bounds from  the seasoning of experience, whether good or bad. Successful people learn from every decision they make, every obstacle they face, and every triumph they savour.

6. Charity is more than just giving to the greater good, but is as well a habit of giving the  benefit of any doubt. People need to be responsible for making a difference in their community, country and the world.

7. As you earn success and wealth, repaying shouldn't be a question.

Song lyrics

Shape of you

VERSE  1:

the club isn't  the best place to find lover

so the bar is where i go

Me and my friends at the table doing shots

Drinking fast and then we talk slow

And you come over and start up a conversation with just me

And trust me i'll give it a chance now

Take my hand,stop,put Van the Man on the jukebox

And then we start to dance,and now i'm singing  like

pre-chorus:

Girl,you know i want your love

your love was handmade for somebody like 

me

Come on now,follow my lead

I may be crazy,don't mind me

Say,boy,let's not talk too much

Grab on my waist and put that body 

on me

Come on now,follow my lead

Come,come on now,follow my lead

Chorus:

I'm in love with the shape of you

We push and pull like a magnet do

although my heart is falling too

I'm in love with your body

And Last night you were in my room

And now my bedsheets smell like 

you

Every day discovering something

 brand new

I'm in love with your body

oh-I-oh-I-oh-I-oh-I

I'm in love with your body

oh-I-oh-I-oh-I-oh-I

I'm in love with your body

oh-I-oh-I-oh-I-oh-I

I'm love with your body

Every day discovering something

 brand new

I'm in love with the shape of you

Verse 2:

One week in wet let the story begin

We're going out on our first date

You and me are thrifty,so go all you can 

eat

Fill up your bag and i fill up a plate

We talk for hours and hours about the

sweet and the sour

And how your family is doing okay

Leave and get in a taxi,then kiss in the backseat

Tell the driver made the radio play,and

I'm singing like

pre-chorus:

Girl,you know i want your love

your love was handmade for somebody like 

me

Come on now,follow my lead

I may be crazy,don't mind me

Say,boy,let's not talk too much

Grab on my waist and put that body 

on me

Come on now,follow my lead

Come,come on now,follow my lead

Chorus:

I'm in love with the shape of you

We push and pull like a magnet do

although my heart is falling too

I'm in love with your body

And Last night you were in my room

And now mu bedsheets smell like 

you

Every day discovering something

 brand new

I'm in love with your body

oh-I-oh-I-oh-I-oh-I

I'm in love with your body

oh-I-oh-I-oh-I-oh-I

I'm in love with your body

oh-I-oh-I-oh-I-oh-I

I'm love with your body

Every day discovering something

 brand new

I'm in love with the shape of you

Bridge:

Come on,be my baby,come on

Come on,be my baby,come on

Come on,be my baby,come on

Come on,be my baby,come on

Come on,be my baby,come on

Come on,be my baby,come on

Come on,be my baby,come on

Come on,be my baby,come on

Chorus:

I'm in love with the shape of you

We push and pull like a magnet do

although my heart is falling too

I'm in love with your body

And Last night you were in my room

And now mu bedsheets smell like 

you

Every day discovering something

 brand new

I'm in love with your body

Come on,be my baby,come on

Come on,be my baby,come on

I'm in love with your body

Come on,be my baby,come on

Come on,be my baby,come on

I'm in love with your body

Come on,be my baby,come on

Come on,be my baby,come on

I'm in love with your body

Every day discovering something

 brand new

I'm in love with the shape of you

Swag se swagat

Song : Swag Se Karenge Sabka Swagat

Movie : Tiger Zinda Hai (2017)

Song Cast: Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif

Music Director: Vishal-Shekhar

Lyrics Writer: Irshad Kamil

Singer: Vishal Dadlani, Neha Bhasin

Listen close to what I gotta say

Because you know

There ain’t no other way

Love is the message

You ready, let’s go

Yeah, we can make it better

Yeah, when we come together

Yeah, all you got is me

Yeah, all I got is you!

Ishq se aage kuch nahi kuch nahi kuch

Ishq se behtar kuch nahi kuch nahi kuch

Ishq se upar kuch nahi kuch nahi kuch

Ishq bina hum kuch nahi

Ishq se ooncha kuch nahi kuch nahi kuch

Ishq se badhkar kuch nahi kuch nahi kuch

Ishq se accha kuch nahi kuch nahi kuch

Ishq bina hum kuch nahi

Chahe jo aaye leke

Dil mein ishq mohabaat

Sabko gale lagaana

Apne culture ki hai aadat

Swag se karenge sabka swagat

Swag se karenge sabka swagat

Hmm milke chalta chal

Bas lekar ke hal

Behtar hoga kal

Ye sabse kehte rehna

Rehna banke dil

Yahi hai manzil

Manzil pe tu mil

Hum sabka hai yeh kehna kehna

Chahe jo aaye leke

Dil mein ishq ibadat

Sabko gale lagana

Apne culture ki hai aadat

Swag se karenge sabka swagat

Y’ll ready to bring riff back

Swag se karenge sabka swagat

Hey ishq se pyara kuch nahi kuch nahi kuch

Ishq se umda kuch nahi kuch nahi kuch

Ishq se asaan kuch nahi kuch nahi kuch

Ishq bina hum kuch nahi

Ishq se meetha kuch nahi kuch nahi kuch

Ishq se gehra kuch nahi kuch nahi kuch

Ishq se taaza kuch nahi kuch nahi kuch

Ishq bina hum kuch nahi

Insaan hai insaan jag mein

Jab tak ishq salaamat

Sabko gale lagaana

Apne culture ki hai aadat

Swag se karenge sabka swagat

Swag se karenge sabka swagat

Swag se karenge sabka swagat

Sajan Radio

Song: Radio Song

Singer: Amit Mishra, Kamaal Khan

Lyrics: Amitabh Bhattacharya

Music: Pritam Chakraborty

Radio Lyrics - Tubelight Song

Khushkhabri aisi mili hai

Uchalne lage hum hawa mein

Puri huyi dil ki tamanna

Bada hi asar tha duaa mein

Bada hi asar tha duaa mein

Ban-tha ke baal bana ke

Joota polish karwa ke

Nachenge hum tha tha thaiya

Sajan Radio..

Bajaiyo bajaiyo bajaiyo zara

Sajan Radio..

Bajai ke sabhi ko nachaiyo zara

Sajan Radio..

Bajaiyo bajaiyo bajaiyo zara

O mere dil ka khoya sa tukda

Lautega ek din kabhi

Iska mujhe tha yakeen

Iska mujhe tha yakeen, jaana

Sadke mein chahe lag jaaye isko

Sari umar bhi meri

Hoga mujhe gham nahin

Hoga mujhe gham nahin

Afsar ke jaisa aitha

Motor gaadi mein betha

Aayega mera sipahiya

Sajan Radio..

Bajaiyo bajaiyo bajaiyo zara

Sajan Radio..

Bajai ke sabhi ko nachaiyo zara

Sajan Radio..

Bajaiyo bajaiyo bajaiyo zara

O kaaka.. O mausi

O cycle waale bhaiya

Ban-tha ke baal bana ke

Joota polish karwa ke

Nachenge hum tha tha thaiya

Sajan Radio..

Bajaiyo bajaiyo bajaiyo zara

Sajan Radio..

Bajai ke sabhi ko nachaiyo zara

Sajan Radio..

Bajaiyo bajaiyo bajaiyo zara

Nobel Laureates of Indian Origin

1. SIR RONALD ROSS

Ronald Ross was born in India in 1857 in Almora
district, located in present day Uttarakhand. His
father was a General in the British Army in India.
Ross lived in India until he was eight. Then he was sent to a
boarding school in England. He later studied medicine from St.
Bartholomew Hospital in London.
When Ross was a small boy, he saw many people in India
fall ill with malaria. At least a million people would die of
malaria due to lack of proper medication. While Ross was in
India his father fell seriously ill
with malaria, but fortunately
recovered. This deadly disease

Sir Ronald Ross 

left an impression in his mind.
When Ross returned to India
as part of the British-Indian
medical services, he was sent
to Madras where a large part of
his work was treating malaria
patients in the army.
Ronald Ross proved
in 1897 the long-suspected
link between mosquitoes
and malaria. In doing so, he
confirmed the hypotheses

previously put forward independently by scientists Alphonse Laveran and Sir Patrick. 

Till that time, it was believed that malaria was caused by breathing in bad air and living in a hot, humid and marshy environment. Ross studied malaria between 1882 and 1899. 

While posted in Ooty, he fell ill with malaria. After this, he was transferred to the medical school in Osmania University, 

Secunderabad. He discovered the presence of the malaria 

parasite within a specific species of mosquito of the genus 

Anopheles. He initially called them Dapple-wings. Ross made 

his crucial discovery while dissecting the stomach of a mosquito 

fed on the blood of a malaria victim. He found the previously 

observed parasite. Through further study, he established the 

complete life cycle of this parasite. He contributed majorly to the 

epidemiology of malaria and brought a method to its survey and 

assessment. Most importantly, he made mathematical models 

for further study. In 1902, Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize in 

Medicine for his remarkable work on malaria and was conferred 

Knighthood as mark of his great contribution to the world of 

medicine. In 1926, he became the Director of the Ross Institute 

and Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London, which was 

founded in his honour. Ross dedicatedly advocated the cause 

and prevention of malaria in different countries by conducting 

surveys and initiating schemes in many places, including West 

Africa, Greece, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Cyprus and many areas 

affected by the First World War. 

In India, Ross is remembered with great respect and love. 

There are roads named after him in many Indian towns and 

cities. The Regional Infectious Disease Hospital at Hyderabad 

was named after him as Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical 

and Communicable Diseases in recognition of his services. The 

building where he worked and actually discovered the malaria 

parasite, located in Secunderabad near the old Begumpet airport, 

is a heritage site and the road leading up to the building is named 

Sir Ronald Ross Road.

A small memorial on the walls of SSKM Hospital Kolkata 

commemorates Ross’ discovery. The memorial was unveiled by 

Ross himself, in the presence of Lord Lytton, on 7 January 1927.

2. Sir C.V. Raman

Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman was born on 7
November 1888 at Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu. His father,
Chandrashekhara Iyer, was a lecturer in physics, in a local
college. His mother Parvathi was a homemaker. He passed his
matriculation when he was 12. He joined Presidency College in
Madras. He passed his Bachelors and Masters examinations in
science with high distinction. He had a deep interest in physics.
While doing his Masters, Raman wrote an article on
physics and sent it to various scientific journals of England. On
reading this article, many eminent scientists in London noted the
talent of this young Indian.
Raman wanted to compete
for the ICS examination. But
to write that examination,
one had to go to London.

Sir C.V. Raman 

As he was poor and could
not afford it, he took the
Indian Financial Service
examination conducted in
India. He was selected and
posted at Rangoon, Burma
(now Myanmar), which was
then a part of British India.
Later, while working
in Kolkata, he associated
himself with an Institute called Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, which was the only research institution in those days. While working there, his research work came to the notice of the Vice Chancellor of Calcutta University. The Vice Chancellor appointed him as Professor of Physics in Calcutta University. Sir Raman was in a good position in the Financial
Service. He sacrificed his profession and joined the academic
career. When he was working as a professor, he got an invitation
from England to attend a science conference.
As the ship was sailing through the Mediterranean Sea,
Raman had a doubt as to why the sea water was blue in colour.
This doubt initiated his research on light. He found out by
experiment that the sea looks blue because of the ‘Scattering
Effect of the Sunlight’. This discovery is called ‘The Raman
Effect’. A question that was puzzling many other scientists at
the time was easily solved by him. His pioneering work helped
him become a Member of Royal Society of London in 1924. He
was awarded with Knighthood by the British Empire in 1929.
This discovery also got Sir Raman the Nobel Prize for Physics
for the year 1930. He became the first Indian scientist to receive
the Nobel Prize. Raman discovered ‘The Raman Effect’ on 28
February 1928 and this day is observed as the ‘National Science
Day’ in India. In 1933, he joined the Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore, as Director. Later he quit the post of Director and
continued to work only in the Department of Physics. The
University of Cambridge offered him a professor’s job, which
he declined stating that he is an Indian and wants to serve in
his own country. Dr Homi Bhabha and Dr Vikram Sarabhai
were his students. Sir C.V. Raman died on 21 November 1970.

3. SUBRAHMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was born on 19 October
1910 in Lahore. His father, Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Iyer
was an officer in Indian Audits and Accounts Department.
His mother Sitalakshmi
was a woman of high
intellectual attainments.
S i r C . V . R a m a n , t h e
first Indian to get Nobel
Prize in science, was his

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 

paternal uncle. Till the age
of 12, Chandrasekhar was
educated at home by his
parents and private tutors.
In 1922, at the age of 12,
he attended the Hindu
High School. He joined the
Madras Presidency College
in 1925. Chandrasekhar passed his Bachelors (hons) in physics in June 1930. In July 1930, he was awarded a Government of
India scholarship for graduate studies in Cambridge, England.
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar completed his PhD at Cambridge in the summer of 1933. In October 1933, Chandrasekhar was elected to receive Prize  Fellowship at Trinity
College for the period 1933–37. In 1936, while on a short visit to Harvard University, Chandrasekhar was offered a position as a
Research Associate at the University of Chicago and remained
there ever since. In September 1936, Chandrashekhar married
Lalitha Doraiswamy. She was his junior at the Presidency
College in Madras.
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar is best known for his
discovery of Chandrasekhar Limit. He showed that there is
a maximum mass which can be supported against gravity by
pressure made up of electrons and atomic nuclei. The value of
this limit is about 1.44 times a solar mass. The Chandrasekhar
Limit plays a crucial role in understanding the stellar evolution.
If the mass of a star exceeded this limit, the star would not
become a white dwarf but it would continue to collapse under
the extreme pressure of gravitational forces. The formulation of
the Chandrasekhar Limit led to the discovery of neutron stars
and black holes. Depending on the mass, there are three possible
final stages of a star—white dwarf, neutron star and black hole.
Apart from the discovery of the Chandrasekhar Limit,
major works done by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar includes:
stellar dynamics, including the theory of Brownian motion
(1938–43); the theory of radiative transfer, including the theory
of stellar atmospheres and the quantum theory of the negative
ion of hydrogen and the theory of planetary atmospheres,
which again comprised the theory of the illumination and the
polarization of the sunlit sky (1943–50); hydrodynamic and
hydro magnetic stability, including the theory of the Rayleigh-
Bénard convection (1952–61); the equilibrium and the stability
of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, partly in collaboration with
Norman R. Lebovitz (1961–68); the general theory of relativity
and relativistic astrophysics (1962–71); and the mathematical
theory of black holes (1974–83).
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was awarded (jointly
with the nuclear astrophysicist W.A. Fowler) the Nobel Prize
in Physics in 1983. He died on 21 August 1995.

4. HAR GOVIND KHORANA

Har Govind Khorana was born on 9 January 1922 in a
small village called Raipur in Punjab (now in Pakistan) and
was the youngest of five siblings. His father was a patwari, an
agricultural taxation clerk in British India.
Khorana had his preliminary
schooling at home. Later he joined

Har Govind Khorana

the DAV High School in Multan.
He graduated in science from
Punjab University, Lahore, in
1943 and went on to acquire his
Masters in science in 1945. He
joined the University of Liverpool
for his doctoral work and obtained
his doctorate in 1948. He did
postdoctoral work at Switzerland’s
Federal Institute of Technology,
where he met Esther Sibler who
became his wife. Later, he took up a
job at the British Columbia Research Council in Vancouver and continued his pioneering work on proteins and nucleic acids. Khorana joined the University of Wisconsin in 1960, and 10
years later, joined Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Dr Khorana received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 along with M.W. Nirenberg and R.W. Holley
for the interpretation of the genetic code, its function and protein
synthesis. Till his death, he was the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of
Biology and Chemistry Emeritus at MIT. The Government of
India honoured him with Padma Vibhushan in 1969.
He won numerous prestigious awards, including the
Albert Lasker award for medical research, National Medal of
Science, the Ellis Island Medal of Honour, and so on. But he
remained modest throughout his life and stayed away from
the glare of publicity.
In a note after winning the Nobel Prize, Dr Khorana wrote:
‘Although poor, my father was dedicated to educating his
children and we were practically the only literate family in the
village inhabited by about 100 people.’ Following his father’s
footsteps, Dr Khorana imparted education to thousands of
students for more than half a century. He was more interested
in the next project and experiments than cashing in on his fame.
He was born in a poor family in a small village in Punjab, and
by dint of sheer talent and tenacity rose to be one of science’s
immortals. Dr Har Govind Khorana died in a hospital in
Concord, Massachusetts, on 9 November 2011.

5. VENKATARAMAN RAMAKRISHNAN

Venkataraman Ramakrishnan was born in Chidambaram,
a small town in Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu in 1952. His
parents C.V. Ramakrishnan and Rajalakshmi were lecturers
in biochemistry at Maharaja Sayajirao University in Baroda,
Gujarat. Venky, as he is popularly known, did his schooling
from the Convent of Jesus and

Venkataraman Ramakrishnan

Mary in Baroda. He migrated
to America to do his higher
studies in physics. He then
changed his field to biology
at the University of California.
He moved to Medical
Research Council Laboratory
o f M o l e c u l a r B i o l o g y ,
Cambridge, UK. It was there
he cracked the complex
functions and structures of
ribosomes, which fetched him
Nobel Prize for Chemistry in
2009, along with Thomas
E. Steitz, USA and Ada E. Yonath, Israel. He became the fourth scientist of Indian origin to win a Nobel Prize after Sir C.V. Raman, Har Gobind Khurana and Subrahmanyan
Chandrasekhar.
Venkataraman Ramakrishnan began his career as a Post-
Doctoral Fellow with Peter Moore at Yale University, where he
worked on ribosomes. After completing this research, he applied
to nearly 50 universities in the US for a faculty position. But he
was unsuccessful. As a result of this, Venkataraman continued
to work on ribosomes from 1983 to 1995 in Brookhaven National
Laboratory. In 1995, he got an offer from the University of Utah
to work as a professor of biochemistry. He worked there for
almost four years and then moved to England where he started
working in Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular
Biology. Here, he began a detailed research on ribosomes.
In 1999, along with his fellow mates, he published a 5.5
angstrom resolution structure of 30s subunit of ribosome. In the
subsequent year, Venkataraman submitted a complete structure
of 30s subunit of ribosome and it created a sensation in the field
of structural biology.
Venkataraman earned a fellowship from the Trinity
College, Cambridge and the Royal Society. He is also an honorary
member of the US National Academy of Sciences. In 2007, he
was awarded with the Louis-Jeantet Prize for his contribution
to Medicine. In 2008, he was presented with Heatley Medal of
British Biochemistry Society. For his contribution to science, he
was conferred with India’s second highest civilian award, the
Padma Vibhushan in 2010.

India’s Contribution to Science and Technology

Advancements in science and technology have been the major
reason for the development of human civilization. India
has been contributing to the fields of science and technology
since ancient times. Even today, what we term as ‘traditional
knowledge’ is actually based on scientific reasoning.
Pre-Independence 
The history of scientific discoveries and development
in India dates back to the Vedic era. Aryabhatta, the famous
mathematician of the Vedic era, invented ‘zero’. It is believed
that ancient Indian scholars had developed geometric theorems
before Pythagoras had made them popular. The concept of
squares, rectangles, circles, triangles, fractions, and the ability
to express number 10 to the 12th power, algebraic formulae, and
astronomy have all had their origins in Vedic literature; some
are stated to have been known as early as 1500 BCE. The decimal
system was already in use during the Harappan Civilization.
This is evident in their use of weights and measures. Moreover,
the concepts of astronomy and metaphysics are all described in
the Rig Veda, an ancient Hindu text of the Vedic era.
From the complex layout of Harappan towns to the
existence of the Iron Pillar in Delhi, it is evident that India’s
indigenous technologies had been very sophisticated. They
included the design and planning of water supply, traffic flow,natural air conditioning, complex stone work and construction
engineering. The Indus Valley Civilization was the world’s
first to build planned towns with underground drainage, civil
sanitation, hydraulic engineering and air-cooling architecture.
While other ancient civilizations of the world were small towns
with one central complex, the Indus Valley Civilization had the
distinction of being spread across a region about half the size
of Europe. Weights and linguistic symbols were standardized
across this vast geography, for a period of over 1000 years, from
around 3000 BCE to 1500 BCE.
Water Management
Water has been the life blood of most major civilizations.
Criss-crossed by many great rivers, India is no exception to the
rule. Indians had been developing water management techniques
even before the Harappan time. Wells, ponds, lakes, dams and
canals have been constructed with advanced technologies
throughout the historic timeline of Indian civilization. Water
has been used for storage, drinking and purposes of irrigation.
It is estimated that even today, there are more than a million
man-made ponds and lakes in India.
Iron and steel 
Iron and steel have literally been the pillars of modern
civilization. Ancient India was pioneer in developing the
technology of producing rust-free iron. This metal from India
was famous in contemporary Europe for sword making. The
famous Iron Pillar of Delhi is a testimony to that technology
which is almost rust free even today.
Farming Technique and Fertilizers
Indian farming technology was mostly indigenously
developed and was ahead of its time. It included soil testing
techniques, crop rotation methods, irrigation plans, application
of eco friendly pesticides and fertilizers, storage methods for crops, etc.
Physics 
The concept of atom can be traced to the Vedic times. The
material world was divided into five elements, namely, earth
(Prithvi), fire (Agni), air (Vayu), water (Jal) and ether or space
(Akasha). Paramanu (beyond atom) was considered to be the
smallest particle, which cannot be divided further. Nuclear
energy is produced today splitting the same.
Medicine and Surgery
Ayurveda (Ayur means life, Veda means knowledge) is
probably the oldest structured system of medical science in
the world. Proper knowledge about various ailments, diseases,
symptoms, diagnosis and cure is the basis of Ayurveda. Many
scholars like Charaka and Susruta have made invaluable
contribution to Ayurveda by inscribing in written form, as found
in ancient manuscripts.
Shipping and Shipbuilding
Shipbuilding was one of India’s major export industries till
the British dismantled it and formally banned it. Medieval Arab
sailors purchased boats from India. Even the Portuguese, instead
of buying from Europe, also obtained their boats from India.
Some of the world’s largest and most sophisticated ships were
built in India and China. The compass and other navigation tools
were already in use in India, much before Europe. Using their
expertise in the science of maritime travel, Indians participated
in the earliest known ocean-based trading system.
Post-Independence 
India has witnessed considerable growth in the field
of science and technology post Independence. Significant
achievements have been made in the areas of nuclear and space
science, electronics and defense. India has the third largest
scientific and technical manpower in the world. In the fieldof Missile Launching Technology, India is among the top five
nations of the world. Science and technology was brought into
the mainstream of economic planning, with the establishment of
the Department of Science and Technology (DST) in May 1971.
DST, today, promotes new areas in science and technology and
plays the role of a nodal department for organizing, coordinating
and promoting science and technology in the country.
Our country’s resources are used to get maximum output in
the field of agriculture and industry. Indian scientists are making
path-breaking research in the fields of agriculture, medicine,
biotechnology, cold regions research, communications,
environment, industry, mining, nuclear power, space and
transportation. Now, India has the expertise in the fields of
astronomy and astrophysics, liquid crystals, condensed matter
physics, molecular biology, virology, and crystallography,
software technology, nuclear power and defense research and
development.
Atomic Energy
The main objective of India’s nuclear energy programme is
to use it to generate power, and apply the technology for further
progress in agriculture, medicine, industry and research. India
is, today, recognized as one of the most advanced countries in
nuclear technology. Accelerators and nuclear power reactors
are now designed and built indigenously.
Space
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is the
sixth largest space research organization in the world. It has
numerous milestones to its credit since its establishment in 1969.
India’s first satellite Aryabhatta was built by ISRO in 1975. It
was followed by many more. In 2008, Chandrayaan-1 became
India’s first mission to the moon. The Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO), under the Department of Space (DOS),
is responsible for research, development and operation in the
space through satellite communications, remote sensing for
resource survey, environmental monitoring, meteorological
services, and so on. India is the only Third World country to
develop its own remote-sensing satellite.
Electronics and Information Technology
The Department of Electronics plays promotional role
for the development and use of electronics for socio-economic
development. Application of electronics in areas such as
agriculture, health and service sectors has also been receiving
special attention. For upgrading the quality of indigenously
manufactured products, a series of tests and development
centres and regional laboratories have been set up. These
centres for electronic design and technology help small and
medium electronics units. Information Technology (IT) is one
of the most important industry in the Indian economy. The IT
industry of India has registered huge growth in recent years.
India’s IT industry grew from 150 million US dollars in 1990/91
to a whopping 500 billion US dollars in2006/07. In the last ten
years, the IT industry in India has grown at an average annual
rate of 30%.
Oceanography
India has a coastline of more than 7,600 km and 1,250
islands. The Department of Ocean Development was established
in 1981 to ensure optimum utilization of living resources,
exploitation of non-living resources such as hydrocarbons and
minerals and production of ocean energy. Two research vessels,
FORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar Sampada, are assessing and
evaluating the resource potential.
Surveys and exploration efforts have been directed to
assess sea bed topography, and concentration and quality of
mineral nodules. India has sent 13 scientific research expeditions
to Antarctica since 1981, and has established a permanently
manned base, Dakshin Gangotri. A second permanent station,an entirely indigenous effort, was completed by the eighth
expedition. The objective was to study the ozone layer and
other important constituents like optical aurora, geomagnetic
pulsation and related phenomena. The National Institute of
Ocean Technology has been set up for the development of
ocean-related technologies.
Biotechnology
India has been the frontrunner among the developing
countries in promoting multidisciplinary activities in this
area, recognizing the practically unlimited possibility of their
applications in increasing agricultural and industrial production,
and in improving human and animal life. The National
Biotechnology Board was formed in 1982. The Department of
Biotechnology was created in 1986. The areas which have been
receiving attention are cattle herd improvement through embryo
transfer technology, in vitro propagation of disease- resistant
plant varieties for obtaining higher yields and development of
vaccines for various diseases.
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
was established in 1942, and is today the premier institution
for scientific and industrial research. It has a network of 40
laboratories, two cooperative industrial research institutions and
more than 100 extensions and field centres. It plays a leading
role in the fulfilment of the technological missions supported
by the government.

Currency of all the countries of the world

What money do you use depends on where are you living or planning to travel. Totally, there are 164 official national currencies circulating around the world. Although the number of the independent countries is 197 plus about five dozen of dependent territories. The matter is, that some of them don't have their own money and officially use the foreign currency.

Thus the European euro is used in 35 independent states and overseas territories, the United States dollar is used in 10 foreign countries and in the USA, the West African CFA franc - in 8 and the Central African CFA franc - in 6 African states, the East Caribbean dollar - in 6 Caribbean nations.

The world's most-traded currency is the US dollar with about 47% share of global payments and 87% of the forex market's daily turnover. On the second place is the Euro, having about 33% of the daily forex transactions and 28% share of the international bank payments.

All currencies of the world with their ISO-4217 codes, listed by countries and dependent territories

Country or territory	Currency	ISO-4217
A
Afghanistan	Afghan afghani	AFN
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK)	European euro	EUR
Aland Islands (Finland)	European euro	EUR
Albania	Albanian lek	ALL
Algeria	Algerian dinar	DZD
American Samoa (USA)	United States dollar	USD
Andorra	European euro	EUR
Angola	Angolan kwanza	AOA
Anguilla (UK)	East Caribbean dollar	XCD
Antigua and Barbuda	East Caribbean dollar	XCD
Argentina	Argentine peso	ARS
Armenia	Armenian dram	AMD
Aruba (Netherlands)	Aruban florin	AWG
Ascension Island (UK)	Saint Helena pound	SHP
Australia	Australian dollar	AUD
Austria	European euro	EUR
Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan manat	AZN
B
Bahamas	Bahamian dollar	BSD
Bahrain	Bahraini dinar	BHD
Bangladesh	Bangladeshi taka	BDT
Barbados	Barbadian dollar	BBD
Belarus	Belarusian ruble	BYN
Belgium	European euro	EUR
Belize	Belize dollar	BZD
Benin	West African CFA franc	XOF
Bermuda (UK)	Bermudian dollar	BMD
Bhutan	Bhutanese ngultrum	BTN
Bolivia	Bolivian boliviano	BOB
Bonaire (Netherlands)	United States dollar	USD
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark	BAM
Botswana	Botswana pula	BWP
Brazil	Brazilian real	BRL
British Indian Ocean Territory (UK)	United States dollar	USD
British Virgin Islands (UK)	United States dollar	USD
Brunei	Brunei dollar	BND
Bulgaria	Bulgarian lev	BGN
Burkina Faso	West African CFA franc	XOF
Burundi	Burundi franc	BIF
C
Cabo Verde	Cape Verdean escudo	CVE
Cambodia	Cambodian riel	KHR
Cameroon	Central African CFA franc	XAF
Canada	Canadian dollar	CAD
Caribbean Netherlands (Netherlands)	United States dollar	USD
Cayman Islands (UK)	Cayman Islands dollar	KYD
Central African Republic	Central African CFA franc	XAF
Chad	Central African CFA franc	XAF
Chatham Islands (New Zealand)	New Zealand dollar	NZD
Chile	Chilean peso	CLP
China	Chinese Yuan Renminbi	CNY
Christmas Island (Australia)	Australian dollar	AUD
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)	Australian dollar	AUD
Colombia	Colombian peso	COP
Comoros	Comorian franc	KMF
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Congolese franc	CDF
Congo, Republic of the	Central African CFA franc	XAF
Cook Islands (New Zealand)	Cook Islands dollar	none
Costa Rica	Costa Rican colon	CRC
Cote d'Ivoire	West African CFA franc	XOF
Croatia	Croatian kuna	HRK
Cuba	Cuban peso	CUP
Curacao (Netherlands)	Netherlands Antillean guilder	ANG
Cyprus	European euro	EUR
Czech Republic	Czech koruna	CZK
D
Denmark	Danish krone	DKK
Djibouti	Djiboutian franc	DJF
Dominica	East Caribbean dollar	XCD
Dominican Republic	Dominican peso	DOP
E
Ecuador	United States dollar	USD
Egypt	Egyptian pound	EGP
El Salvador	United States dollar	USD
Equatorial Guinea	Central African CFA franc	XAF
Eritrea	Eritrean nakfa	ERN
Estonia	European euro	EUR
Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)	Swazi lilangeni	SZL
Ethiopia	Ethiopian birr	ETB
F
Falkland Islands (UK)	Falkland Islands pound	FKP
Faroe Islands (Denmark)	Faroese krona	none
Fiji	Fijian dollar	FJD
Finland	European euro	EUR
France	European euro	EUR
French Guiana (France)	European euro	EUR
French Polynesia (France)	CFP franc	XPF
G
Gabon	Central African CFA franc	XAF
Gambia	Gambian dalasi	GMD
Georgia	Georgian lari	GEL
Germany	European euro	EUR
Ghana	Ghanaian cedi	GHS
Gibraltar (UK)	Gibraltar pound	GIP
Greece	European euro	EUR
Greenland (Denmark)	Danish krone	DKK
Grenada	East Caribbean dollar	XCD
Guadeloupe (France)	European euro	EUR
Guam (USA)	United States dollar	USD
Guatemala	Guatemalan quetzal	GTQ
Guernsey (UK)	Guernsey Pound	GGP
Guinea	Guinean franc	GNF
Guinea-Bissau	West African CFA franc	XOF
Guyana	Guyanese dollar	GYD
H
Haiti	Haitian gourde	HTG
Honduras	Honduran lempira	HNL
Hong Kong (China)	Hong Kong dollar	HKD
Hungary	Hungarian forint	HUF
I
Iceland	Icelandic krona	ISK
India	Indian rupee	INR
Indonesia	Indonesian rupiah	IDR
International Monetary Fund (IMF)	SDR (Special Drawing Right)	XDR
Iran	Iranian rial	IRR
Iraq	Iraqi dinar	IQD
Ireland	European euro	EUR
Isle of Man (UK)	Manx pound	IMP
Israel	Israeli new shekel	ILS
Italy	European euro	EUR
J
Jamaica	Jamaican dollar	JMD
Japan	Japanese yen	JPY
Jersey (UK)	Jersey pound	JEP
Jordan	Jordanian dinar	JOD
K
Kazakhstan	Kazakhstani tenge	KZT
Kenya	Kenyan shilling	KES
Kiribati	Australian dollar	AUD
Kosovo	European euro	EUR
Kuwait	Kuwaiti dinar	KWD
Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyzstani som	KGS
L
Laos	Lao kip	LAK
Latvia	European euro	EUR
Lebanon	Lebanese pound	LBP
Lesotho	Lesotho loti	LSL
Liberia	Liberian dollar	LRD
Libya	Libyan dinar	LYD
Liechtenstein	Swiss franc	CHF
Lithuania	European euro	EUR
Luxembourg	European euro	EUR
M
Macau (China)	Macanese pataca	MOP
Macedonia (FYROM)	Macedonian denar	MKD
Madagascar	Malagasy ariary	MGA
Malawi	Malawian kwacha	MWK
Malaysia	Malaysian ringgit	MYR
Maldives	Maldivian rufiyaa	MVR
Mali	West African CFA franc	XOF
Malta	European euro	EUR
Marshall Islands	United States dollar	USD
Martinique (France)	European euro	EUR
Mauritania	Mauritanian ouguiya	MRU
Mauritius	Mauritian rupee	MUR
Mayotte (France)	European euro	EUR
Mexico	Mexican peso	MXN
Micronesia	United States dollar	USD
Moldova	Moldovan leu	MDL
Monaco	European euro	EUR
Mongolia	Mongolian tugrik	MNT
Montenegro	European euro	EUR
Montserrat (UK)	East Caribbean dollar	XCD
Morocco	Moroccan dirham	MAD
Mozambique	Mozambican metical	MZN
Myanmar (formerly Burma)	Myanmar kyat	MMK
N
Namibia	Namibian dollar	NAD
Nauru	Australian dollar	AUD
Nepal	Nepalese rupee	NPR
Netherlands	European euro	EUR
New Caledonia (France)	CFP franc	XPF
New Zealand	New Zealand dollar	NZD
Nicaragua	Nicaraguan cordoba	NIO
Niger	West African CFA franc	XOF
Nigeria	Nigerian naira	NGN
Niue (New Zealand)	New Zealand dollar	NZD
Norfolk Island (Australia)	Australian dollar	AUD
Northern Mariana Islands (USA)	United States dollar	USD
North Korea	North Korean won	KPW
Norway	Norwegian krone	NOK
O
Oman	Omani rial	OMR
P
Pakistan	Pakistani rupee	PKR
Palau	United States dollar	USD
Palestine	Israeli new shekel	ILS
Panama	United States dollar	USD
Papua New Guinea	Papua New Guinean kina	PGK
Paraguay	Paraguayan guarani	PYG
Peru	Peruvian sol	PEN
Philippines	Philippine peso	PHP
Pitcairn Islands (UK)	New Zealand dollar	NZD
Poland	Polish zloty	PLN
Portugal	European euro	EUR
Puerto Rico (USA)	United States dollar	USD
Q
Qatar	Qatari riyal	QAR
R
Reunion (France)	European euro	EUR
Romania	Romanian leu	RON
Russia	Russian ruble	RUB
Rwanda	Rwandan franc	RWF
S
Saba (Netherlands)	United States dollar	USD
Saint Barthelemy (France)	European euro	EUR
Saint Helena (UK)	Saint Helena pound	SHP
Saint Kitts and Nevis	East Caribbean dollar	XCD
Saint Lucia	East Caribbean dollar	XCD
Saint Martin (France)	European euro	EUR
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France)	European euro	EUR
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	East Caribbean dollar	XCD
Samoa	Samoan tala	WST
San Marino	European euro	EUR
Sao Tome and Principe	Sao Tome and Principe dobra	STN
Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabian riyal	SAR
Senegal	West African CFA franc	XOF
Serbia	Serbian dinar	RSD
Seychelles	Seychellois rupee	SCR
Sierra Leone	Sierra Leonean leone	SLL
Singapore	Singapore dollar	SGD
Sint Eustatius (Netherlands)	United States dollar	USD
Sint Maarten (Netherlands)	Netherlands Antillean guilder	ANG
Slovakia	European euro	EUR
Slovenia	European euro	EUR
Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands dollar	SBD
Somalia	Somali shilling	SOS
South Africa	South African rand	ZAR
South Georgia Island (UK)	Pound sterling	GBP
South Korea	South Korean won	KRW
South Sudan	South Sudanese pound	SSP
Spain	European euro	EUR
Sri Lanka	Sri Lankan rupee	LKR
Sudan	Sudanese pound	SDG
Suriname	Surinamese dollar	SRD
Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway)	Norwegian krone	NOK
Sweden	Swedish krona	SEK
Switzerland	Swiss franc	CHF
Syria	Syrian pound	SYP
T
Taiwan	New Taiwan dollar	TWD
Tajikistan	Tajikistani somoni	TJS
Tanzania	Tanzanian shilling	TZS
Thailand	Thai baht	THB
Timor-Leste	United States dollar	USD
Togo	West African CFA franc	XOF
Tokelau (New Zealand)	New Zealand dollar	NZD
Tonga	Tongan pa’anga	TOP
Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad and Tobago dollar	TTD
Tristan da Cunha (UK)	Pound sterling	GBP
Tunisia	Tunisian dinar	TND
Turkey	Turkish lira	TRY
Turkmenistan	Turkmen manat	TMT
Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)	United States dollar	USD
Tuvalu	Australian dollar	AUD
U
Uganda	Ugandan shilling	UGX
Ukraine	Ukrainian hryvnia	UAH
United Arab Emirates	UAE dirham	AED
United Kingdom	Pound sterling	GBP
United States of America	United States dollar	USD
Uruguay	Uruguayan peso	UYU
US Virgin Islands (USA)	United States dollar	USD
Uzbekistan	Uzbekistani som	UZS
V
Vanuatu	Vanuatu vatu	VUV
Vatican City (Holy See)	European euro	EUR
Venezuela	Venezuelan bolivar	VES
Vietnam	Vietnamese dong	VND
W
Wake Island (USA)	United States dollar	USD
Wallis and Futuna (France)	CFP franc	XPF
Y
Yemen	Yemeni rial	YER
Z
Zambia	Zambian kwacha	ZMW
Zimbabwe	United States dollar	USD